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Introduction: Repurposed drugs are not eligible for patent protection in India vide Sec 3 (d) of the Indian Patent Act, 1970. The data generated to establish the therapeutic efficacy of the repurposed drugs for the new indication are not eligible for data exclusivity under the provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940. However, repurposed drugs possess immense advantages, especially when compared to the traditional route of drug discovery. Marketing repurposed drugs is fraught with challenges, and means to overcome them need to be facilitated. Methodology: A review of literature regarding provisions available to protect repurposed candidates through various routes globally were studied including policies, special committee reports as well as case laws. Results: A brief tenure of data exclusivity for repurposed candidates as provided in statutes in the US and EU appears to be an attractive route of protection of such inventions. This will encourage and incentivize drug research by this route and eventually lead to a fulfillment of India being a preferred destination for not only pharma manufacturing, but also research.
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Background: Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has sent billions of people into lockdown. It has a negative impact on daily life, physical and mental health. Never before was seen such a type of pandemic sparked by a coronavirus. It increased anxiety in the community. Impacts of this disruption affect every sector such as health, finance, education, transport, agriculture, and economical growth of countries. Most of the countries experience insecurity in these sectors. Objective(s): To reduce the spread of the novel Coronavirus-2019 and to bridge the knowledge gap of the research community, frontline health workers as well as those persons who are working in this regard to improve critical health challenges so that the community can plan effective prevention. In the present mini-review, we summarized the origin, route of transmission, current therapies of treatment, preventions, viability and real facts of fatal disease novel Coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV). Result(s): Achieving division of a large population into small-small groups and take RT-PCR tests on a very large scale. It will help to identify and isolate an accurate infected person. Isolation of infected cases and quarantine reduce the transmissibility of COVID-19. Conclusion(s): Knowledge about real-time evolution and transmission of the emerging pathogens helps to prevent its infection at all stages. To improve understanding of the risk, mechanism, and treatment in response to COVID-19 is required encouraging case studies, effective treatment therapies, drug discovery and developments. Make awareness in society about sanitation and avoid close contact to escape COVID-19 infection are the best ways of protection.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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COVID-19 respiratory viral disease has changed the entire research communities' focus towards Diseases, Health Care, Treatment and related resources decision making and services. Fuzzy approach gives simplification and improvement in processing logic and speed applied to Data analytics and testing of algorithm for different business purposes may be future research domain. Significant COVID-19 analytics can help to classify and prioritize the resources the future consequences to take enhanced self-ruled decisions, to recognise and design pattern in data spread to design strategic policies for medical, health care units and stakeholders.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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The emergence of the coronavirus COVID- 19 switched the limelight onto digital health technologies. To help the infection rates from surging, numerous governments are looking into applications that could help disrupt infection chains beforehand. We created a Self-Assessment Test using COVID Symptoms, that's capable of assessing the threat of COVID- 19 in the user using ML. The data also tracks the user and gives safety tips and recommendations. Using the Track Module, the user is notified of the nearby containment zones. The contact tracing module helps the user to maintain a specified distance from others. © 2022 IEEE.
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Introduction: Repurposed drugs are not eligible for patent protection in India vide Sec 3 (d) of the Indian Patent Act, 1970. The data generated to establish the therapeutic efficacy of the repurposed drugs for the new indication are not eligible for data exclusivity under the provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940. However, repurposed drugs possess immense advantages, especially when compared to the traditional route of drug discovery. Marketing repurposed drugs is fraught with challenges, and means to overcome them need to be facilitated. Methodology: A review of literature regarding provisions available to protect repurposed candidates through various routes globally were studied including policies, special committee reports as well as case laws. Results: A brief tenure of data exclusivity for repurposed candidates as provided in statutes in the US and EU appears to be an attractive route of protection of such inventions. This will encourage and incentivize drug research by this route and eventually lead to a fulfillment of India being a preferred destination for not only pharma manufacturing, but also research. © Author (s) 2023.
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Background: There have been scientific papers in the Indian setting that describe demographics, clinical characteristics, hospital course, morbidity, and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19);however, they are based on limited numbers of cases. The current study of patients with known outcomes enabled us to acquire a better understanding of the disease process and progression in COVID-19 individuals, as well as correlate the factors affecting the outcome. Method(s): This study was carried out at a COVID-19 tertiary care facility at Dr. D. Y.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune. The demographic and clinical information, laboratory parameters of admitted COVID19 patients were collected were subsequently analysed. Categorical variables were analysed using either the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Result(s): Out of 603, 515 (85.4%) patients were discharged while 88 (15.8%) patients were died. The mean age of dead COVID-19 patients was significantly higher as compared to discharged COVID-19 patients. Serum urea, Serum Creatinine, serum AST, Serum total bilirubin, Serum Conjugated Bilirubin, serum LDH, Serum CRP and Serum Ferritin, Hb, PCV, TLC, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils to lymphocyte ratio, platelets to lymphocyte ratio, ESR and D-dimer were differ significantly between discharged and dead COVID-19 cases whereas the levels of Serum ALT, Serum ALP, Serum Unconjugated bilirubin, MCV,MCH platelet count, PT and aPTT were remained comparable between discharged and dead COVID-19 cases. Multivariate analysis showed that Serum urea, D-dimer, ESR, NLR, PLR neutrophil and TLC were the significant predictors of COVID-19 death in our study. Conclusion(s): This study revealed that in hospitalised COVID-19 patients, older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, serum LDH, and urea levels were strongly linked to an increased risk of mortality. To enhance patient care and results, healthcare professionals should identify these aspects at the time of diagnosis. Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Repurposed drugs are not eligible for patent protection in India vide Sec 3 (d) of the Indian Patent Act, 1970. The data generated to establish the therapeutic efficacy of the repurposed drugs for the new indication are not eligible for data exclusivity under the provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940. However, repurposed drugs possess immense advantages, especially when compared to the traditional route of drug discovery. Marketing repurposed drugs is fraught with challenges, and means to overcome them need to be facilitated. Methodology: A review of literature regarding provisions available to protect repurposed candidates through various routes globally were studied including policies, special committee reports as well as case laws. Result(s): A brief tenure of data exclusivity for repurposed candidates as provided in statutes in the US and EU appears to be an attractive route of protection of such inventions. This will encourage and incentivize drug research by this route and eventually lead to a fulfillment of India being a preferred destination for not only pharma manufacturing, but also research. Copyright © Author (s) 2023.
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The COVID-19 outbreak has greatly forced the education systems around the world to undergo rapid change. Given today's uncertainty, it is essential to understand students' online learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the fact that many studies were investigated in this area, there is limited available information about the barriers, challenges, and the difficulties students face during online learning. This paper studies the online learning platforms' utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic for students' engagement in the Medical Technology and Allied Healthcare education. This paper looks at studying the various benefits of imparting education through e-learning, identifying the challenges faced by learners, and measures the satisfaction levels of learners. From the study, it emerged that students' satisfaction index in using e-learning technologies is high for courses in Medical Technology and Allied Healthcare education. Copyright © 2023, IGI Global.
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COVID-19 respiratory viral disease has changed the entire research communities' focus towards Diseases, Health Care, Treatment and related resources decision making and services. Fuzzy approach gives simplification and improvement in processing logic and speed applied to Data analytics and testing of algorithm for different business purposes may be future research domain. Significant COVID-19 analytics can help to classify and prioritize the resources the future consequences to take enhanced self-ruled decisions, to recognise and design pattern in data spread to design strategic policies for medical, health care units and stakeholders. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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Background: With the advent of the coronavirus pandemic, Higher Education Organizations (HEOs), including medical schools, started using online education to effectively teach, and evaluate students’ performances. An increasingly popular contemporary modality offered by the digital e-learning market is a Learning Management System (LMS). Aims and Objectives: The aim isto assess Moodle v. 3.9 as a tool to conduct online medical examinations. The objectives are: 1. To collect student feedback 2. To discuss technical aspects with Moodle experts 3. To implement necessary changes based on the feedback and discussion Material and Methods: A short-term longitudinal observational study was conducted at the Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Pune, India to collect feedback from 143 students with regards to their online exam experience with Moodle and the technical difficulties they faced were noted. In collaboration with software experts, certain technical changes pertaining to bandwidth requirements were implemented. Results: We observed that the students require extra time as compared to the online exam scenario for conversion of their answer sheets into PDFs, and this technical aspect needs to be considered while designing such exams. We also established the server bandwidth that is essential for an uninterrupted online exam experience at the institute level. Lastly, student feedback suggested that the online examination environment is perceived as more stressful, compared to its live counterpart. Conclusion: We conclude that cost-effectiveness, user-friendly interface, and a multitude of assessment-related features make Moodle an efficient tool for conducting online medical examinationsattheundergraduatelevel.
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Background: There is a relative paucity of data on the telehealth experience of health care providers. The present study helps to address this gap by examining the telehealth experiences of mental health providers. Methods: An IRB-approved anonymous survey (31 questions) was circulated in the state of Maryland at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, the Division of Child Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University and at the University of Maryland, several community mental health practices, and professional organizations. Mental health professionals (physicians, psychologists, licensed social workers, nursing providers), and trainees (medical residents, post-doctoral fellows, and social work trainees) were eligible to participate in the survey. The survey focused on three key domains: patient care, work-life balance, and personal life. 175 providers participated in this survey Results: 75% of the respondents were female. 30% of respondents had been in practice for more than 20 years. 10% were trainees. The majority of respondents reported an overall positive impact of telehealth on their clinical practice. The comfort level with telehealth was high across the board. The impact on work-life balance and personal lives of practitioners was mixed with the highest negative impact (90%)reported by early-career practitioners. The majority of respondents reported a negative impact on education of trainees. Discussion: Several mental health disciplines were represented in the survey. Providers were comfortable with using technology and found benefits for patient care. Managing individual work schedules and maintaining the therapeutic relationship with patients seemed to be the areas of concern, especially for early-career providers. This may be due to relatively less control over their schedules and the presence of other competing responsibilities. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the establishment of telehealth services. The overall impact seems to be positive especially in the mental health field. In our attempt to understand the impact of this transition on the mental health providers, we found that there are specific trends for the degree of impact based on the duration of practice and field of practice of the providers. This information may help inform future clinical practices and policies, as telehealth will likely continue to be an integral part of medical care beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. References: 1. -19 and tele Health, education and research adaptations Wijesooriya NR, Mishra V, Brand PLP, Rubin BK. COVID-19 and telehealth, education, and research adaptations. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;35:38-42. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.009 2. Donelan K, Barreto EA, Sossong S, Michael C, Estrada JJ, Cohen AB, Wozniak J, Schwamm LH. Patient and clinician experiences with telehealth for patient follow-up care. Am J Manag Care. 2019 Jan;25(1):40-44. PMID: 30667610.
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Introduction: With the advent of the coronavirus pandemic, Higher Education Organizations (HEOs), including medical schools, started using online education to effectively teach, and evaluate students' performances. An increasingly popular contemporary modality offered by the digital e-learning market is a Learning Management System (LMS). Aims: The aim is to assess Moodle v. 3.9 as a tool to conduct online medical examinations. The objectives are: 1. To collect student feedback 2. To discuss technical aspects with Moodle experts 3. To implement necessary changes based on the feedback and discussion. Material and Methods: A short-term longitudinal observational study was conducted at the Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Pune, India to collect feedback from 143 students with regards to their online exam experience with Moodle and the technical difficulties they faced were noted. In collaboration with software experts, certain technical changes pertaining to bandwidth requirements were implemented Results: Authors observed that the students require extra time as compared to the online exam scenario for conversion of their answer sheets into PDFs, and this technical consideration needs to be taken into account while designing such exams. Authors also established the server band width that is essential for an uninterrupted online exam experience at the institute level. Lastly, student feedback suggested that the online examination environment is perceived as more stressful, compared to its live counterpart. Conclusion: Authors concluded that cost-effectiveness, userfriendly interface, and a multitude of assessment-related features make Moodle an efficient tool for conducting online medical examinations at the undergraduate level.
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Novel Corona-virus is spreading all over the world. Millions of people have been infected with this disease and unfortunately thousands have lost their lives. Countless others have experienced the impact of Covid-19 on their health as well as in their day-to-day life. For the past one and half year as of May - 2021, the world balance and the economics have changed. Entire workflow has been shifted online, with people continuing to face a lot of difficulties due to this sudden change. But there will be a moment when normalcy will be restored, businesses bereopened and all the offices as well as other institutions start functioning as normal. This will be the most vulnerable momentas people will come in contact with each other and hence there will be a danger of this disease spreading in mass again. Hence, a system needs to be adopted to curb its spread and this can be achieved by identifying people showing the symptoms and thereby preventing them from entering organizations with a lot of attendees. The proposed system implements mask and temperature detection, sanitation while also providing a touch- less Attendance Management system for taking the attendance. © 2021 IEEE
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Background: WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 infection as pandemic on March 11, 2020. As cases recovered, it became important to know the rate of re-infection from the same virus and its severity. Therefore, the study was done to find out re-infection rate among the previously infected individuals. Aim: To find out re-infection rate among already exposed and nonexposed individuals. Materials and Methods: A cohort study was done over 5000 previously serosurveyed individual. They were followed up via telephone. Data was collected using a questionnaire with questions regarding infection post-serosurvey, severity of infection among relatives and vaccination status. Thus information collected was uploaded in Google form. Results: Re-infection rate among previously exposed individuals was 1.2%;at the same time period, 6% of nonexposed individuals got infected. All the re-infection cases were mild, whereas 80.74% of individuals who got infected for the first time had mild symptoms. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in relatives who were staying with participants was found to be 3.23% and 4.22% among previously exposed and non-exposed individuals respectively. 17% of previously nonexposed individuals were fully vaccinated, whereas 0.65% of exposed individual got fully vaccinated. Conclusion: Re-infection rate in the study was less and mild on the basis of severity. Infection rate among the nonexposed was at a higher side stating that chances of getting re-infected are much lesser. Previously exposed individuals did not show the same type of interest for vaccination compared to previously nonexposed individuals. © 2022 International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases ;Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
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Context: The study aimed to understand the perception of faculty and undergraduate students toward E-learning and its acceptance and feasibility during the corona pandemic. Aim: It aimed at collecting suggestions to improve the teaching-learning process. Settings and Design: This was an online survey conducted using Google Forms. Subjects and Methods: Responses were sought from participants through Google Forms and their feedback was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire which had 14 items including demographic profile, platform used for online teaching-learning, advantages, comfort level, usefulness of platform, challenges faced, and suggestions for improvement. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical Analysis was done by using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Results: Responses were sought from a total of 447 (436 + 11) participants through Google Forms. Out of 447 participants, 321 responses (71%;95% confidence interval [CI];67.5-75.8) were recorded and their feedback was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire which had 14 items including demographic profile, platform used for online teaching-learning, advantages, comfort level, usefulness of platform, challenges faced, and suggestions for improvement. The response rate was 71.4%% (95% CI;67.5-75.8). About 81% (95% CI;67.5-75.8) of participants were happy with the ongoing online teaching-learning. About 52.9% (95% CI;47.3-58.6) are using Google Classroom, 32.2% (95% CI;27-37.6) are using video-based platforms such as Zoom, Google Meet, and Cisco Webex. About 53.6% (95% CI;48-59.2) of participants viewed Google Classroom as the best platform, whereas 44.1% (95% CI;38.5-49.7) favored video-based platforms for teaching-learning. Conclusions: Online classes were found acceptable by most of the students and faculty. The positive feedback and suggestions helped in the planning of E-learning classes in the existing curriculum for future.
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Background: Nephrotic syndrome is known to be associated with hypercoagulable status. Pulmonary artery thromboembolism is one of the life- threatening complications in patients with nephrotic syndrome but rarely occurs before the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. Methods and Results: A 33-year-old man without any co-morbidities presented to a primary care clinic with sudden onset shortness of breath. An electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with S1Q3T3. ECHO and CTPA revealed thrombi of the bilateral pulmonary arteries and he was COVID-19 negative by PCR analysis. Anticoagulant therapy was initiated immediately. Hypercoagulability workup showed normal levels of protein C, protein S, and AT III. He was ANA- and APLA negative and his homocysteine levels were normal. Lower limb Doppler showed multiple deep venous system thrombi. Three months following this episode, he presented with recurrence of acute worsening of breathlessness with pedal edema and abdominal distention. He was referred to our Cardiology emergency care. 2D Echocardiography showed classic Mc Connells sign with akinesia of RV free wall and RV systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg. CT pulmonary angiography definitively proved fresh (recurrence of) pulmonary embolism with large clots in both LPA and RPA and CXR showed classical signs of pulmonary embolism (Fig. 1). USG abdomen showed ascites, normal kidneys and no renal vein thrombosis. Laboratory examination showed he was COVID-19 negative again by PCR analysis. They also revealed low serum albumin (2.2g/dl) and nephrotic-range proteinuria (>10 gm in 24 hours) with transudative ascitic fluid. Since patient was on anticoagulation renal biopsy was deferred by the consultant nephrologist in view of possible bleeding complications. In view of possible primary membranous nephropathy, Serum Anti-Pla2r antibody was done which was strongly positive. The constellation of nephrotic-range proteinuria, pulmonary thromboembolic complications and associated serum anti-Pla2R antibody suggested primary membranous nephropathy. Immunosuppression was started as per modified Ponticelli regimen. Proteinuria resolved after three weeks and patient continues to be doing well on anticoagulation on oral VKA [Formula presented] Conclusion: Previous case reports of pulmonary artery thromboembolism associated with nephrotic syndrome are very few, particularly in adults. In the rare cases where they do occur, the patients initially present with the symptoms derived from nephrotic syndrome, unlike in our patient where the presentation was extremely rare and the investigation of the thromboembolic event led us “backwards” to the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. Awareness regarding the potential complications of hypercoagulable in nephrotic syndrome is thus essential.
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Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic, initiated in Wuhan, China, had devastating effects on the dental industry world-wide. The mode of transmission of SARS Cov-2, causative agent of Covid-19, was through aerosol and saliva contamination putting dentists at high risk of contracting Covid-19. The measures taken to contain the spread of virus had financial repercussion on the dental industry. The survey was conducted to understand the mental health of dentists amidst Covid-19 pandemic. Aim: To analyse the concerns and anxiety faced by dental surgeons regarding vaccination and the psychological and socio-economic impact Covid-19 pandemic had on dental setups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 3 months. A sample size of 300 dentists belonging to age group of 25years to 45years was analysed. The dentists included in the sample practiced in Maharashtra, India. A questionnaire was formulated in Google forms and circulated through social media platform. The result was analysed and demonstrated in pie-charts. Results: The survey analysed that majority of dentists were apprehensive to carry out dental procedures. Along with the risk of contracting and being a source of transmission of Covid-19, dentists had huge financial burden of clinic rents, EMI loan pending bills, the cost of preventive kits and reduced patient flow. Conclusion: The survey was successful in analysing the monetary and safety concerns faced by dentists amidst Covid-19 pandemic. The survey also pointed out the mental stress dentists had to overcome to practice dental procedures.
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Background/Introduction: Untreated, symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis carries significant mortality and morbidity. Timely intervention is pivotal to ensure patient safety. The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges to the UK's National Health Service (NHS), resulting in the deferral of all elective work, including TAVI services from March 2020. Purpose: To evaluate clinical outcomes and time delays in patients undergoing TAVI during the pandemic period compared to an age and risk factor-matched cohort of patients prior to COVID-19. We hypothesized that there were significant time delays, more emergency procedures and related adverse outcomes in patients who underwent TAVI during the pandemic period. Methods: We analysed prospectively collected data (patient characteristics, procedural details, complications and in-hospital outcomes) of 210 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI between March 2019 and February 2021 in a tertiary centre in the UK (The centre serves for a population of 2.5 million and provided in-patient treatment for 5590 COVID-positive patients over a 12 month period). We compared time-lags from an initial referral to outpatient review, CT aortograms, valve implantation and 30-day mortality between patients who underwent TAVI between March 2019 and Feburary 2020 (N=134) and those who underwent TAVI between March 2020 and February 2021 (COVID Group=76). Results: The mean age of the cohort was 81.4±6.6 years and majority were females (51%) and were in moderate risk category (EuroSCORE II=4.55±5.5). Of the total cohort, 4 (5.3%) patients acquired COVID-19 pneumonia during the hospital stay. The age, cardiovascular comorbidities and risk scores were comparable between the control group and the COVID cohort. (Table 1). There were no significant differences in procedural complications in the control group compared to the COVID-19 group (Table 1). The median waiting time from referral to TAVI clinic was significantly shorter in the COVID-19 group (33 (8-66) vs. 51 (17-89) days (P=0.04)) and there was no significant difference in time delays for CT aortogram, MDT or TAVI procedure between the two groups. The median length of stay (2 (2-4) vs 2.5 (2-9) days) and 30 day mortality (1.4% vs 5.3%) was comparable between the two groups (Table 1). Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, our analysis demonstrated that there were no significant time delays, excess complications or mortality in TAVI procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic period despite the excess burden imposed on our local health services. More importantly, very few TAVI patients acquired COVID-19 infection during in-hospital stay. This is likely due to prompt identification of innovative ways of re-configuring an existing local patient pathway, by the TAVI team, to deliver safe and uninterrupted TAVI services during this unprecedented pandemic setting. (Figure Presented).